You can catch influenza from people who cough, sneeze, or even just talk around you. Fever, cough, shaking chills, body aches, and extreme weakness are common symptoms. How does influenza disproportionately impact older adults. Request pdf on jul 22, 2011, lisa sattenspiel and others. Seqirus is one of the worlds largest influenza vaccine companies.
Learn how to combine files into a single pdf file using adobe acrobat dc. Wikipedia usage estimates prevalence of influenzalike. Scientists uncovered the potential therapy in a large chemical library and optimized lead. Among adults, for example, the inactivated influenza vaccine was reported to have a vaccine efficacy ve of 59% 95% confidence interval ci 51 to 67. Estimating influenza latency and infectious period durations.
Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and m. Influenza places a significant socioeconomic burden on individuals, families, and society 14. Social network analysis for better understanding of influenza. Influenza is caused by infection with influenza a and b viruses.
Influenza epidemic, 19181919 lc linked data service. Influenza prevention involves taking steps that one can use to decrease their chances of contracting flu viruses, such as the pandemic h1n109 virus, responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic contents 1 mode of transmission in influenza. Influenza a changes more often and more quickly than influenza b. Influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on two surface antigens. The centers for disease control and prevention continuously monitor the amount of influenza that is present in the american population and compiles this information in weekly reports. It is widely accepted that an annual influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Annual vaccination of hcws against influenza has been recommended by the us centers for disease control and prevention cdc since 1981. Due to this variation in the virus, most influenza vaccinations have shortlived efficacy and narrow protection. Influenza can cause mild to severe illness, and it may predispose to exacerbations of underlying disease or development of secondary bacterial infections.
It is primarily an infection of the lungs, nose, and throat. Socioeconomic impact of seasonal epidemic influenza and the. Influenza viruses are known for their ability to change their antigenic structure and create new viral strains, possibly changing biological characteristics such virulence, infectivity or host range. Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza a or b viruses that occurs in outbreaks and epidemics worldwide, mainly during the winter season. This graph illustrates the severity of the epidemic us census bureau. This burden results from various direct costs outpatient and inpatient medical care plus medications and indirect costs productivity losses. There are 18 different ha subtypes and 11 different na subtypes. Certest biotec and bd announce covid19 diagnostic test. Each year the virus that causes this infection changes slightly, and it may change enough to.
Socioeconomic impact of seasonal epidemic influenza and. Jun 25, 20 influenza is a major public health threat. Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and. In the usa, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for individuals aged. These articles provide basics on flu risks and prevention. Commonly known as the flu, influenza is an infection that can be caused by several types of influenza viruses. World health organization who and national respiratory and enteric virus surveillance system laboratories, which include. In the early 20th century, science was sufficiently sophisticated to anticipate that influenza, which had twice reached pandemic proportions in the late 19th century, would recur, but was largely powerless to blunt the devastating impact of the 1918 h1n1 pandemic. The results form the basis for who recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine each year, as well as relevant risk assessment activities of who. An influenza prevention and illness policy, with your business name or letterhead displayed should be placed on the companys web site and displayed where appropriate at the worksite. Influenza, acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract, marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of malaise. The influenza pandemic provided scientists the opportunity to confirm or refute this contested microbe as the cause of influenza.
Efficacy, in this scenario, refers to broad protection against multiple strains of influenza. The basic reason for the difference between the flu vaccine and many other vaccines is that the flu virus evolves much more rapidly than do viruses like measles, mumps, and polio. We were created when our parent company, csl limited, acquired the novartis influenza vaccine business and combined it with vaccine subsidiary, biocsl. In some countries in the european region, the flu virus ah1n1 is causing severe disease and a number of deaths. The best fit between the discretized seir generation time pdf and the normalized average daily viral excretion profile is shown in fig. Analyses of the nucleoprotein np gene show that avian influenza viruses have evolved into five host influenza. The goals of the global influenza programme are to. The incubation period is 1 to 4 days average 2 days. Sometimes two or more different strains of influenza virus combine to form a new subtype. Influenza prevention and illness policy as an extra measure to reduce the chances of employees becoming ill due to influenza. Flu epidemic of 1918 strikes dover city of dover, nh. Dobriansky, under secretary for democracy and global affairs remarks at the nixon center washington, dc june 26, 2006. Because all known influenza a subtypes exist in the aquatic bird reservoir, influenza is not an eradicable disease.
The story of influenza the threat of pandemic influenza. May 07, 20 with the new h7n9 virus spreading through china and h5n1 popping up every now and then in southeast asia, its tough to keep track of all the flu viruses. Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses, usually influenza a or b subtypes. Inadditiontoclinicalimpact,influenza hassignificanteconomicimpact. Annual report surveillance of influenza and other respiratory. Birds, pigs, horses, ferrets, dogs, and cats can all be infected with various strains of the influenza virus.
Social, economic, and security implications of avian influenza paula j. Much has changed since the influenza pandemic of 1918, yet our responses to covid19 must still. Exploring risk perceptions of emerging infectious diseases onno. Aug 23, 2014 influenza vaccination is the primary tool to prevent influenza. In the united states more than 35,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations due to influenza occur. Seasonal influenza seasonal influenza is a preventable infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms. Patients, mostly from the shipyards in portsmouth and newington, were under medical care in dover. This study aimed to explore sources of influenza ah1n1related information, specific information needs and preferences of the lay public during the peak of the outbreak. Estimates of the efficacy of influenza vaccination in preventing ami rank as high as secondary prevention methods routinely recommended for older adults 12. Adverse event influenza vaccines who position paper during some influenza seasons, tivs trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccines have been associated with a slight increase in the risk of guillainbarr syndrome in older adults about 1 case added to the background incidence of about 20 cases per million vaccine recipients. Signs and symptoms of upper andor lower respiratory tract involvement are present, along with indications of systemic illness such as fever, headache, myalgia, and weakness.
Jude childrens research hospital, memphis, tennessee, usa address for correspondence. Annual influenza epidemics have agespecific morbidity and mortality patterns that are markedly different from those seen in influenza pandemics, and future pandemics are likely to be caused by a different influenza virus, as well as occur in a different setting with regard to the distribution in the population of preexisting immunity to the. Influenza, influenzaassociated mortality, and novel. Pandemic influenza and healthcare demand in the netherlands. Influenza is never a pleasant experience, but for most people the symptoms will improve over the course of a few days without needing to visit a doctor. Our objective was to examine the potential impact of pandemic influenza in the netherlands and to analyze the effects of several other than influenza vaccinebased possible interventions in.
Because influenza viruses mutate constantly, the vaccine has to be modified every year based on a prediction of which strains will be most predominant. Protection from influenza newfoundland and labrador. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. Influenza implementation guidance 2 for pediatricians, physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses, medical assistants, and office managers this implementation guidance is designed to help practitioners and pediatric office staff prevent influenza by.
How any one virus acquires its identification letter depends on differences in the matrix protein, nucleoprotein and response of antibodies to a particular strain. Areas of the us where the flu first erupted in the fall of 1918. Viral influenza is a seasonal infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza a virus is a singlestranded negativesense segmented rna virus, with a genome consisting of eight gene segments, that can encode up to 16 proteins 15 fig 1a. Armed forces institute of pathology the spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and 1919 caused the deaths of 2050 million people worldwide including up to. The objective of this study was to assess the social determinants of health preventing adults. Since then, mankind has gained several advantages against the disease. Influenza flu is a viral infection that occurs worldwide.
Influenzaassociated hospitalizations summary nndss. The sputum studies from the camp lewis epidemic found only a few influenza cases harvesting the influenza bacilli and mostly type iv pneumococcus. The corresponding latency distribution has average 1. These viruses spread easily during the winter months and infect the nose, throat and lungs. Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. The cause of death was identified as influenza, but it was unlike any strain ever seen. We determine the number of broadly neutralizing antibodies required to inhibit influenza virus membrane fusion by simultaneously observing individual viral particles undergoing fusion and counting the number of antibodies bound to them. During the past three decades, efforts to prevent and control influenza have focused primarily on the use of inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly people and in individuals with chronic medical conditions that put. Influenza infection is transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact and is clinically indistinguishable from other respiratory viral diseases without laboratory confirmation. Fever, decreased consciousness, and seizures are common symptoms, and among the less common are focal neurological signs such as paresis, aphasia, cranial nerve palsies and choreoathetosis hattori et al. Influenza fact sheet keywords department of health services, dhs, division of public health, influenza, flu, coughing, sneezing, vaccine, vaccination, flu shot, contagious, p42064, p42064 created date. Important changes in the timing of influenza epidemics in the who european region over the past 20.
Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological. Influenza a virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of the genus alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family orthomyxoviridae. H1n1, influenza, respiratory disease, swine flu swine influenza virus is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic. However, viral influenza vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a reduction in reversetranscriptasepolymerasechainreaction rtpcr confirmed influenza among infants rr 0. It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands etc. Novel influenza may be more likely to involve the lower respiratory tract. Increase influenza vaccination rates in your practice by providing evidencebased interventions for use with vaccinehesitant patients. Our bodies fight off diseases, in part, through the production of antibodies that help our immune systems recognize and attack foreign invaders. Influenza division pdf icon 2 pages influenza planning and response pdf icon 1 mb, 2 pages international activities. Influenza is an acute respiratory illness, caused by influenza a, b, and c viruses, that occurs in local outbreaks or seasonal epidemics. B processing of clinical specimens for virus isolation 33 2.
Influenza, respiratory disease influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by rna viruses. Infectious diseases, like influenza, can have devastating consequences on populations. Strains of all subtypes of influenza a virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. The information presented in this report and information provided in two prominent publications on the 1918 influenza pandemic are then used to. The symptoms have sudden onset, are far more serious than the common cold and. Vaccination against influenza is considered the most important public health intervention to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and premature deaths related to influenza in the elderly, though there are significant inequities among global influenza vaccine resources, capacities, and policies. Influenza virus and cns manifestations sciencedirect. Social, economic, and security implications of avian influenza. Avian flu background the a, b, c, h and n of bird flu viruses. Learn more about the classification of influenza viruses, influenza outbreaks, and influenza symptoms and treatment. Social determinantssuch as education, raceethnicity, socioeconomic status, access to health care services and vaccination, neighborhoodlevel stressors, and workplace or school policiescan impact influenza illness and outbreaks in the united states. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution.
Influenza, aka the flu, is a highly contagious virus that can race through schools, offices, or nursing homes. Follow these steps to quickly combine and arrange documents. If people, pigs, and aquatic birds are the principal variables associated with interspecies transfer of influenza virus and the emergence of new human pandemic strains, influenza surveillance in these species is indicated. Background the 201415 influenza season in canada was characterized by an early epidemic due to vaccinemismatched influenza ah3n2 viruses, disproportionately affecting elderly individuals. Influenza a viruses can circulate in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, horses, seals, and others. The viral membrane fusion process is mediated by fusion proteins whose activity is blocked through the binding of these antibodies to evolutionarily conserved. Author summary although influenza is largely avoidable through vaccination, between 3,00050,000 deaths occur in the united states each year that are attributed to this disease. The virus ah1n1, which causes what was commonly referred to in the past as swine flu, caused a flu pandemic in 2009.
Certest biotec, along with bd becton, dickinson and company nyse. A collection, storage and transport of specimens 29 2. Pdf the spread of the spanish flu on the island of newfoundland is examined. There is also a survey of economic research on the subject. In this mode of evolution, the virus main surface protein, hemagglutinin ha, is thought to continually change to evade human immune response, resulting in new dominant strains that eliminate all competitors in a series of rapid successions. Influenza in humans is often referred to as the seasonal flu. Highlights influenza division staff who have been recognized by awards. Public sources of information and information needs for.
Influenza a is the most dangerous for humans, influenza c is the least dangerous. New study has important implications for influenza. The first wave of the flu in newfoundland primarily hit the island in june. The global influenza programme gip provides member states with strategic guidance, technical support and coordination of activities essential to make their health systems better prepared against seasonal, zoonotic and pandemic influenza threats to populations and individuals. However, if you are in a highrisk group, it is advisable to contact your doctor early as it may be possible for you to receive antiviral treatment. Influenza is the most frequent cause of acute respiratory illness requiring medical intervention because it affects all age groups and because it can recur in any individual. Influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on the genetic and antigenic properties of their envelope glycoproteins hemagglutinin ha and neuraminidase na. Evolution of influenza a virus is commonly viewed as a typical darwinian process. The origins of pandemic influenza lessons from the 1918. For more information on influenza please visit the seasonal flu web site.
Social determinants of health and seasonal influenza. Influenza is associated with substantial morbidityandmortality1. Also called spanish influenza epidemic, the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating epidemics in human history. Spanish flu epidemic of 1918 strikes dover spanish influenza first appeared in dover on september 17, 1918. Startingfrom2010,eachyearcdc estimatestheburdenofinfluenza. Outpatients with influenza like illness or laboratoryconfirmed influenza who are at risk of complications see table 1 outpatients with severe, complicated influenza like illness. Apr 30, 2020 introduction immunization of healthcare workers hcws against influenza is a patient safety and qualityofcare issue.
The searches below find resources from two national library of medicine databases. Scientists discover a potential strategy to treat influenza a. Social determinants of influenza illness and outbreaks in the united states article pdf available in north carolina medical journal 775. Influenza in birds is often referred to as avian influenza, in pigs as swine influenza, in horses as equine influenza and so on. Influenza, an everevolving target for vaccine development.
Pharmacists letter includes 12 issues every year, with brief articles about new meds and hot topics. Midseason estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness. Top 3 useful links for kroll most consulted by pharmacists. Current and historical conditions indexed list of current and historical nationally notifiable conditions. Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. The laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza 27 2. Global influenza surveillance and response system gisrs influenza virus infections in humans update october 2018 pdf, 239kb differences among seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic or variant influenza. National influenza centres they ship representative clinical specimens and isolated viruses to who ccs for advanced antigenic and genetic analysis. Apr 22, 2010 providing health information during disease outbreaks is a fundamental component of outbreak control strategies. Influenza diagnosis clinical and epidemiological characteristics increase of febrile respiratory illness lab isolation of influenza virus from clinical specimen e. Influenza is caused by viruses in the family orthomyxoviridae. Maakt het mogelijk om pdfbestanden samen te voegen met een simpele drag anddrop interface.
Our immune system is great at generating strainspecific antibodies. Surveillance of influenza and other respiratory infections in the netherlands. The port areas saw the earliest cases of influenza which was brought over by boat. Includes expert guidelines, research reports, conference proceedings, training classes, fact sheets, websites.
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory disease that is often characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat and cough. Seqirus has a rich heritage in guarding against influenza. Since 1977, three influenza virus subtypes have been in circulation. The 1918 virus spread rapidly around the world and was associated with mortality measured in the thousands per 100,000 population.
We assessed vaccine effectiveness ve against ah3n2 hospitalization among elderly individuals during the peak weeks of the 201415 epidemic in quebec, canada. Social determinants of influenza illness and outbreaks in the. Some isolates of influenza a virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. The onset of neurological symptoms is usually within a few days to a week after the first signs of influenza infection. Understanding influenza flu influenza flu is a highly contagious viral infection that can cause mild to severe symptoms and lifethreatening complications, including death, even in healthy children and adults. Clinical illness follows a short incubation period and presentation ranges from asymptomatic to fulminant, depending on the characteristics of both the virus and the individual host. Occasionally, humans become infected with zoonotic influenza viruses.
I would like to thank the nixon center for inviting me to speak about the social, economic, and security impacts of avian influenza. Type a viruses tend to have a greater effect on adults, while type b viruses are a greater. Kroll 10 user manual pdf pharmacist quick tips pdf tutorial videos to make the most of kroll introducing pharmaconnect youtube. The epidemic of the virulent influenza virus hit kansas in 1918 leading to the profound effect on mortality. A crosssectional, populationbased, computerassisted telephone interview of 1,050 respondents was conducted. Relating influenza virus membrane fusion kinetics to.
420 840 607 561 971 188 1310 499 1015 203 737 31 1144 479 1055 376 1042 521 79 848 50 1057 1317 1277 1489 313 873 881 446 230 534 748 138